-
1 farming year
Экономика: сельскохозяйственный год -
2 farming year
English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > farming year
-
3 year
(yr; Y.)n ком. рік; a річнийперіод часу, що охоплює дванадцять місяців═════════■═════════accounting year звітний рік; audit year ревізійний рік; base year базовий рік; boom year рік високої кон'юнктури; budget year бюджетний рік; business year господарський рік • фінансовий рік; calendar year календарний рік; commercial year фінансовий комерційний рік; contract year договірний рік; crop year сільськогосподарський рік; current year поточний рік; economic year господарський рік; farming year сільськогосподарський рік; financial year фінансовий рік; fiscal year фінансовий рік; going year чинний рік; green year доходний рік • прибутковий рік; half year півріччя; insurance year страховий рік; interest rate per year річна відсоткова ставка; leap year високосний рік; legal year юридичний рік; locust years голодні роки • роки злиднів і нестатків; model year рік, протягом якого діє дана модель; natural business year фінансовий рік; present year теперішній рік • нинішній рік; previous year попередній рік; production year господарський рік; reference year базовий рік; report year звітний рік • рік подання статистичного звіту; reporting year звітний рік; target year останній рік планового періоду • цільовий рік; tax year податковий рік; trading year операційний рік; working year виробничий рік • господарський рік═════════□═════════at year end в кінці року • на кінець року; year acquired рік придбання; year end кінець року; year-end balance sheet річний баланс • балансовий звіт на кінець року • річний балансовий звіт; year-end closing закриття рахунків на кінець року; year-end closure закриття рахунків на кінець року; year-end dividend річний дивіденд • дивіденд на кінець року; year-end figures кількісні показники на кінець року; year-end price ціна на кінець року; year-end procedures бухгалтерські операції, які виконуються в кінці року; year's loss збитки за рік; year of acquisition рік придбання; year of appropriation рік придбання • рік асигнування; year of assessment рік оподаткування • рік оцінки нерухомого майна; year of crisis кризовий рік; year of death рік смерті; year of deduction рік надання податкової знижки • рік відрахування; year of delivery рік поставки; year of deposit рік депонування; year of disbursement рік виплати; year of income рік одержання доходу; year of manufacture рік виготовлення; year of operation рік фінансової операції • рік операції; year of payment рік платежу; year of provision рік постачання; year of publication рік публікації; year of purchase рік покупки; year of recession рік спаду; year of sale рік продажу • рік реалізації; year of termination рік закінчення терміну • строк припинення дії; year on year в річному обчисленні; year-on-year growth щорічне зростання; year-on-year increase щорічний приріст; year's profit прибуток за рік; year to date на даний рік; year-to-date statement звіт за минулий рік; year under review звітний рік -
4 year
n
- accounting year
- assessment year
- audit year
- balance year
- basal year
- base year
- boom year
- budget year
- business year
- calendar year
- contract year
- current year
- economic year
- entire year
- farming year
- financial year
- fiscal year
- half year
- leap year
- present year
- previous year
- production year
- report year
- revaluation year
- short tax year
- subsequent years
- tax year
- taxable year
- trading year
- working year
- year of account
- year of foundation
- year of manufacture
- year under report
- year under review
- close a year in the black
- year on year
- year over year -
5 intensive farming
интенсивное фермерское хозяйство
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
intensive farming
Farming in which as much use is made of the land as possible by growing crops close together or by growing several crops in a year or by using large amounts of fertilizers. (Source: PHC)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > intensive farming
-
6 сельскохозяйственный год
1) Engineering: seed year2) Agriculture: agricultural year, harvest year3) British English: Farmer's year (начинается с первого воскресенья марта)4) Economy: crop year, farming year5) Business: grain yearУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > сельскохозяйственный год
-
7 piscicultura
f.fish farming.* * *SF fish farming* * *femenino fish farming, pisciculture (frml)* * *= fishery, fish farming, aquaculture.Ex. This programme was devoted to promote agricultural competitiveness by developing productivity and improving products in agriculture and fisheries.Ex. The new combined public and school library serves as a centre for 5 districts and serves the needs of a 2-year study programme in fish farming.Ex. Canada is one of the world's major contributors to the field of aquaculture.* * *femenino fish farming, pisciculture (frml)* * *= fishery, fish farming, aquaculture.Ex: This programme was devoted to promote agricultural competitiveness by developing productivity and improving products in agriculture and fisheries.
Ex: The new combined public and school library serves as a centre for 5 districts and serves the needs of a 2-year study programme in fish farming.Ex: Canada is one of the world's major contributors to the field of aquaculture.* * *fish farming, pisciculture ( frml)* * *piscicultura nffish farming* * *f fish farming -
8 acuicultura
f.aquiculture, aquaculture.* * *SF aquaculture* * *= aquaculture, fish farming.Ex. Canada is one of the world's major contributors to the field of aquaculture.Ex. The new combined public and school library serves as a centre for 5 districts and serves the needs of a 2-year study programme in fish farming.* * *= aquaculture, fish farming.Ex: Canada is one of the world's major contributors to the field of aquaculture.
Ex: The new combined public and school library serves as a centre for 5 districts and serves the needs of a 2-year study programme in fish farming.* * *aquiculture, aquaculture* * *acuicultura nfaquiculture, aquaculture* * *f aquaculture* * *acuicultura nf: aquaculture -
9 agricultor
adj.agricultural, farming, tiller.m.farmer, farm worker, cropper, grower.* * *► nombre masculino,nombre femenino1 farmer* * *(f. - agricultora)noun* * *agricultor, -a1.ADJ agricultural, farming antes de s2.SM / F farmer* * *- tora masculino, femenino farmer* * *= farmer, grower, market gardener, agrarian, husbandman [husbandmen, -pl.], agricultural labourer.Ex. State agricultural experiment station publications are a valuable resource for agricultural historians and sociologists, as well as for scientists, students, the agribusiness community, farmers, and the general public.Ex. The scheme's aim is to assist the primary producer (e.g. farmer, grower, fisherman) by improving the processing and marketing of agricultural products = El objetivo de este proyecto es ayudar al productor primario (por ej., el granjero, el agricultor y el pescador) mejorando el proceso y la comercialización de los productos agrícolas.Ex. He said that a concerted program of weeding would ensure that the library will have 'no books which will interest persons with an intellectual range above that of clodhoppers and market gardeners'.Ex. The new hip agrarians, who are attempting to make their living from the land as did the early settlers, must rely on the printed word to bridge the gap between themselves and their ancestors.Ex. Most of the testators were yeomen, husbandmen, tradesmen, craftsmen and laborers, and the widows of such men.Ex. The agricultural labourer receiving payment in kind was a married farm-hand with a one-year contract and whose wife had the duty to milk the cows morning and night.----* familia de agricultores = farming family.* pequeño agricultor = smallholder.* Sindicato Nacional de Agricultores (NFU) = National Farmers' Union (NFU).* * *- tora masculino, femenino farmer* * *= farmer, grower, market gardener, agrarian, husbandman [husbandmen, -pl.], agricultural labourer.Ex: State agricultural experiment station publications are a valuable resource for agricultural historians and sociologists, as well as for scientists, students, the agribusiness community, farmers, and the general public.
Ex: The scheme's aim is to assist the primary producer (e.g. farmer, grower, fisherman) by improving the processing and marketing of agricultural products = El objetivo de este proyecto es ayudar al productor primario (por ej., el granjero, el agricultor y el pescador) mejorando el proceso y la comercialización de los productos agrícolas.Ex: He said that a concerted program of weeding would ensure that the library will have 'no books which will interest persons with an intellectual range above that of clodhoppers and market gardeners'.Ex: The new hip agrarians, who are attempting to make their living from the land as did the early settlers, must rely on the printed word to bridge the gap between themselves and their ancestors.Ex: Most of the testators were yeomen, husbandmen, tradesmen, craftsmen and laborers, and the widows of such men.Ex: The agricultural labourer receiving payment in kind was a married farm-hand with a one-year contract and whose wife had the duty to milk the cows morning and night.* familia de agricultores = farming family.* pequeño agricultor = smallholder.* Sindicato Nacional de Agricultores (NFU) = National Farmers' Union (NFU).* * *masculine, femininefarmer* * *
agricultor◊ - tora sustantivo masculino, femenino
farmer
agricultor,-ora sustantivo masculino y femenino farmer
' agricultor' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
agricultora
- algodonero
English:
farmer
* * *agricultor, -ora nm,ffarmer* * *m, agricultora f farmer* * *agricultor, - tora n: farmer, grower* * *agricultor n farmer -
10 cultivo de la caña de azúcar
(n.) = sugar farmingEx. This threat to herons and egrets is primarily from sugar farming, which uses up more and more of this precious land every year.* * *(n.) = sugar farmingEx: This threat to herons and egrets is primarily from sugar farming, which uses up more and more of this precious land every year.
-
11 explotación
f.exploitation, profiteering.* * *1 (gen) exploitation2 (de terreno) cultivation, farming3 (de industria) running, operating4 (de recursos) tapping, exploitation5 peyorativo (abuso) exploitation\explotación agrícola farmexplotación forestal forestryexplotación minera mine* * *noun f.exploitation, development* * *SF1) (=uso) [de recursos, riquezas] exploitation; [de planta] running, operation; [de mina] workinggastos de explotación — operating costs, operating expenses
explotación a cielo abierto — opencast working, opencast mining, strip mining (EEUU)
2) (=uso excesivo) exploitation* * *1)a) (de tierra, mina) exploitation, working; ( de negocio) running, operationgastos de explotación — running o operating costs
b) ( instalaciones)2) ( de trabajador) exploitation* * *= exploitation, tapping, mining.Ex. Thus, the subject approach is extremely important in the access to and the exploitation of information, documents and data.Ex. Those alternatives call for the tapping of new pools of potential students: high school graduates who are nonattenders; college dropouts; transfer students from two-year colleges; adults.Ex. This article is a case study of the interaction between research and the discovery and mining of ores for nuclear fuels.----* de explotación = exploitative.* explotación comercial = commercial exploitation.* explotación de canteras = quarrying.* explotación de menores = child labour.* explotación forestal = logging.* explotación infantil = child labour.* * *1)a) (de tierra, mina) exploitation, working; ( de negocio) running, operationgastos de explotación — running o operating costs
b) ( instalaciones)2) ( de trabajador) exploitation* * *= exploitation, tapping, mining.Ex: Thus, the subject approach is extremely important in the access to and the exploitation of information, documents and data.
Ex: Those alternatives call for the tapping of new pools of potential students: high school graduates who are nonattenders; college dropouts; transfer students from two-year colleges; adults.Ex: This article is a case study of the interaction between research and the discovery and mining of ores for nuclear fuels.* de explotación = exploitative.* explotación comercial = commercial exploitation.* explotación de canteras = quarrying.* explotación de menores = child labour.* explotación forestal = logging.* explotación infantil = child labour.* * *A1 (de la tierra) exploitation, working; (de una mina) exploitation, working; (de un negocio) running, operationuna mina en explotación a working minela explotación de los recursos naturales the exploitation o tapping of natural resourcesgastos de explotación running o operating costs2(instalaciones): explotaciones petrolíferas oil installationsuna explotación agrícola a farmCompuesto:(actividad) strip mining ( AmE), opencast mining ( BrE); (mina) strip mine ( AmE), opencast mine ( BrE)B (de un trabajador) exploitationla explotación del hombre por el hombre the exploitation of man by his fellow man* * *
explotación sustantivo femenino
( de negocio) running, operation
explotación sustantivo femenino
1 (de una persona) exploitation
2 Agr cultivation (of land)
(de una granja) farming
3 (de un recurso) exploitation, working
' explotación' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
concesión
- hacendada
- hacendado
- finca
- huerta
- plantación
English:
development
- exploitation
- operating
- running costs
- tapping
- trading loss
- trading profit
- battery
* * *explotación nf1. [acción] [de recursos] exploitation;[de fábrica, negocio] running, operation; [de yacimiento] mining; [agrícola] farming; [de petróleo] drilling;tiene el negocio en régimen de explotación he has the business on lease;explotación forestal forestry2. [de niños, trabajadores] exploitation;campaña contra la explotación infantil campaign against child labourexplotación agropecuaria arable and livestock farm;explotación ganadera livestock farm;explotación minera mine;explotación petrolífera oilfield* * *f2 de negocio running, operation3 de trabajador exploitation* * *explotación nf, pl - ciones1) : exploitation2) : operation, running -
12 crianza
f.1 nursing, breastfeeding.2 breeding, rearing.3 vintage.vino de crianza vintage wine4 breeding.5 nurturing, nurture, rearing, raising.6 fosterage.* * *1 (de animales) breeding2 (lactancia) nursing3 (educación) upbringing\vino de crianza mature wine* * *noun f.upbringing, rearing* * *SF1) (Agr) (=actividad) rearing; [para la reproducción] breeding2) (Med) lactation3) [de vinos] vintage4) (=educación) breedingCRIANZA Quality Spanish wine is often graded Crianza, Reserva or Gran Reserva according to the length of bottle-ageing and barrel-ageing it has undergone. Crianza wines are in their third year, reds having spent at least twelve months in cask and whites six.See:ver nota culturelle RESERVA in reserva* * *1) (Agr) raising, rearing; ( para la reproducción) breeding2) ( de niños) upbringing3) (Vin) aging*•• Cultural note:A term which refers both to the process of ageing wines, and to a category of wines, vinos de crianza, which have been aged for a minimum of two years, first in barrels or the more modern stainless steel tanks, and then in the bottle* * *= rearing.Ex. Ageist forms of headings like CHILDREN-MANAGEMENT (instead of the familiar and nonjudgmental CHILD- REARING) and AGED (instead of SENIORS or SENIOR CITIZENS) should not be used.----* crianza de niños = parenting.* crianza de pollos = chicken culture, chicken raising.* crianza ecológica = free-range farming.* crianza intensiva = battery farming.* de crianza intensiva = battery-caged.* vino de crianza = young wine.* * *1) (Agr) raising, rearing; ( para la reproducción) breeding2) ( de niños) upbringing3) (Vin) aging*•• Cultural note:A term which refers both to the process of ageing wines, and to a category of wines, vinos de crianza, which have been aged for a minimum of two years, first in barrels or the more modern stainless steel tanks, and then in the bottle* * *= rearing.Ex: Ageist forms of headings like CHILDREN-MANAGEMENT (instead of the familiar and nonjudgmental CHILD- REARING) and AGED (instead of SENIORS or SENIOR CITIZENS) should not be used.
* crianza de niños = parenting.* crianza de pollos = chicken culture, chicken raising.* crianza ecológica = free-range farming.* crianza intensiva = battery farming.* de crianza intensiva = battery-caged.* vino de crianza = young wine.* * *crianza (↑ crianza a1)A ( Agr) raising, rearing; (para la reproducción) breedingB (de niños) upbringingC ( Vin) aging*A term which refers both to the process of ageing wines, and to a category of wines, vinos de crianza, which have been aged for a minimum of two years, first in barrels or the more modern stainless steel tanks, and then in the bottle.* * *
crianza sustantivo femenino
1 (Agr) raising, rearing;
( para la reproducción) breeding
2 ( de niños) upbringing
crianza sustantivo femenino
1 (de un niño) nursing, upbringing
2 (de animales) breeding
3 (de vinos) aging
' crianza' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
cría
- educación
- formación
- regar
- conejera
English:
farming
- parenting
* * *crianza nf1. [de bebé] nursing, breastfeeding2. [de animales] breeding, rearing3. [del vino] ageing;vino de crianza vintage wine4. [educación] breeding* * *f1 de niños upbringing2 de animales breeding* * *crianza nf: upbringing, rearing -
13 интенсивное фермерское хозяйство
интенсивное фермерское хозяйство
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
intensive farming
Farming in which as much use is made of the land as possible by growing crops close together or by growing several crops in a year or by using large amounts of fertilizers. (Source: PHC)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > интенсивное фермерское хозяйство
-
14 garceta
f.little egret.* * *SF egret* * *= egret.Ex. This threat to herons and egrets is primarily from sugar farming, which uses up more and more of this precious land every year.* * *= egret.Ex: This threat to herons and egrets is primarily from sugar farming, which uses up more and more of this precious land every year.
* * *egret* * *garceta nflittle egret* * *f ZO egret* * *garceta nf: egret -
15 garza
adj.&f.feminine of GARZO.f.heron.garza real gray heron* * *1 heron\garza real grey heron* * *SF1) (tb: garza real) heron2) Chile lager glass, beer glass* * *1) (Zool) heron2) (Chi) ( copa) long-stemmed glass* * *= heron.Ex. This threat to herons and egrets is primarily from sugar farming, which uses up more and more of this precious land every year.* * *1) (Zool) heron2) (Chi) ( copa) long-stemmed glass* * *= heron.Ex: This threat to herons and egrets is primarily from sugar farming, which uses up more and more of this precious land every year.
* * *A ( Zool) heronsaber dónde ponen las garzas ( Col); to be in the know ( colloq), to know what one is about ( colloq)* * *
garza sustantivo femenino (Zool) heron
garza f Orn heron
' garza' also found in these entries:
English:
heron
* * *garza nfherongarza imperial purple heron;garza real grey heron* * *f ZO heron* * *garza nf: heron -
16 ferme
I.ferme1 [fεʀm]1. adjectivea. firm ; [style, trait] confident• « prix: 200 000 € ferme » "price: 200,000 euros (not negotiable)"2. adverbII.ferme2 [fεʀm]feminine noun( = domaine) farm ; ( = habitation) farmhouse* * *
I
1. fɛʀm1) ( résistant) [chair, sol] firm; [blanc d'œuf, crème] stiff2) ( assuré) [pas, voix, attitude, écriture] firm; [geste, exécution] confidentd'une main ferme — [diriger, saisir] with a firm hand; [écrire] in a firm hand
3) ( inflexible) firm4) [marché, commande, prix] firm5) Droitcinq ans de prison ferme, cinq ans ferme — (colloq) a five-year sentence with no remission
2.
1) [discuter, batailler] vigorously; [croire] firmly2) ( de façon définitive)commander ferme — to put in a firm order for [avion, voiture]
••
II fɛʀm1) ( exploitation) farm; ( maison) farmhouse2) ( contrat)(bail à) ferme — farming lease; ( domaine affermé) leasehold
3) Construction, Bâtiment truss•Phrasal Verbs:* * *fɛʀm1. adj(personne, réponse) firmElle s'est montrée très ferme à mon égard. — She was very firm with me.
2. adv[travailler] hard3. nf(= exploitation) farm, (= maison) farmhouse* * *A adj3 ( assuré) [pas, voix, attitude, écriture] firm; [geste, exécution, style] confident; avoir la ferme intention de faire to have the firm intention of doing; d'une main ferme [diriger, saisir, retenir] with a firm hand; [écrire] in a firm hand; rester ferme dans l'adversité/dans ses résolutions to be steadfast in adversity/in one's resolutions;4 ( inflexible) firm; être or se montrer ferme avec les enfants to be firm with the children;7 Jur ( sans sursis) peine de prison ferme custodial sentence; cinq ans de prison ferme, cinq ans ferme○ a five-year sentence with no remission.B adv1 ( sans faiblir) [discuter, batailler] vigorously; [croire] firmly; tenir ferme to stand one's ground; s'ennuyer ferme to be bored stiff;C nf1 Agric ( exploitation) farm; ( maison) farmhouse; ferme collective/marine/d'élevage collective/marine/cattle farm; retaper une vieille ferme to do up an old farmhouse; à la ferme [travailler, vie, vente] on the farm;2 Comm, Jur ( contrat) (bail à) ferme farming lease; ( domaine affermé) leasehold; donner qch à ferme to lease sth;3 Constr truss.attendre de pied ferme to be ready and waiting; je les attends de pied ferme I'm ready for them.I[fɛrm] adjectif2. [stable]être ferme sur ses jambes to stand steady on one's legs ou firm on one's feet..., dit-elle d'une voix ferme..., she said firmlydes prix fermes et définitifs firm ou definite prices————————[fɛrm] adverbe1. [solidement]a. [clou] to holdb. [personne, troupe] to stand firm, to hold on2. [beaucoup - travailler, boire] hardil boit ferme he's a heavy ou a hard drinkerII[fɛrm] nom féminin1. [maison] farmhouse[exploitation] farm2. DROITprendre ferme to rent, to farm -
17 fermé
I.ferme1 [fεʀm]1. adjectivea. firm ; [style, trait] confident• « prix: 200 000 € ferme » "price: 200,000 euros (not negotiable)"2. adverbII.ferme2 [fεʀm]feminine noun( = domaine) farm ; ( = habitation) farmhouse* * *
I
1. fɛʀm1) ( résistant) [chair, sol] firm; [blanc d'œuf, crème] stiff2) ( assuré) [pas, voix, attitude, écriture] firm; [geste, exécution] confidentd'une main ferme — [diriger, saisir] with a firm hand; [écrire] in a firm hand
3) ( inflexible) firm4) [marché, commande, prix] firm5) Droitcinq ans de prison ferme, cinq ans ferme — (colloq) a five-year sentence with no remission
2.
1) [discuter, batailler] vigorously; [croire] firmly2) ( de façon définitive)commander ferme — to put in a firm order for [avion, voiture]
••
II fɛʀm1) ( exploitation) farm; ( maison) farmhouse2) ( contrat)(bail à) ferme — farming lease; ( domaine affermé) leasehold
3) Construction, Bâtiment truss•Phrasal Verbs:* * *fɛʀm1. adj(personne, réponse) firmElle s'est montrée très ferme à mon égard. — She was very firm with me.
2. adv[travailler] hard3. nf(= exploitation) farm, (= maison) farmhouse* * *A adj3 ( assuré) [pas, voix, attitude, écriture] firm; [geste, exécution, style] confident; avoir la ferme intention de faire to have the firm intention of doing; d'une main ferme [diriger, saisir, retenir] with a firm hand; [écrire] in a firm hand; rester ferme dans l'adversité/dans ses résolutions to be steadfast in adversity/in one's resolutions;4 ( inflexible) firm; être or se montrer ferme avec les enfants to be firm with the children;7 Jur ( sans sursis) peine de prison ferme custodial sentence; cinq ans de prison ferme, cinq ans ferme○ a five-year sentence with no remission.B adv1 ( sans faiblir) [discuter, batailler] vigorously; [croire] firmly; tenir ferme to stand one's ground; s'ennuyer ferme to be bored stiff;C nf1 Agric ( exploitation) farm; ( maison) farmhouse; ferme collective/marine/d'élevage collective/marine/cattle farm; retaper une vieille ferme to do up an old farmhouse; à la ferme [travailler, vie, vente] on the farm;2 Comm, Jur ( contrat) (bail à) ferme farming lease; ( domaine affermé) leasehold; donner qch à ferme to lease sth;3 Constr truss.attendre de pied ferme to be ready and waiting; je les attends de pied ferme I'm ready for them.‘col fermé’ ‘pass closed to traffic’j'ai laissé la porte à demi fermée I left the door ajar ou half-openune boîte fermée a box which is shut, a closed box[à clef] locked3. [radiateur, robinet] off5. [magasin, bureau, restaurant] closedfermé le lundi closed on Mondays, closing day Mondayune personnalité fermée a secretive ou an uncommunicative personality9. PHONÉTIQUE [syllabe, voyelle] closed -
18 Smith, Sir Francis Pettit
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 9 February 1808 Copperhurst Farm, near Hythe, Kent, Englandd. 12 February 1874 South Kensington, London, England[br]English inventor of the screw propeller.[br]Smith was the only son of Charles Smith, Postmaster at Hythe, and his wife Sarah (née Pettit). After education at a private school in Ashford, Kent, he took to farming, first on Romney Marsh, then at Hendon, Middlesex. As a boy, he showed much skill in the construction of model boats, especially in devising their means of propulsion. He maintained this interest into adult life and in 1835 he made a model propelled by a screw driven by a spring. This worked so well that he became convinced that the screw propeller offered a better method of propulsion than the paddle wheels that were then in general use. This notion so fired his enthusiasm that he virtually gave up farming to devote himself to perfecting his invention. The following year he produced a better model, which he successfully demonstrated to friends on his farm at Hendon and afterwards to the public at the Adelaide Gallery in London. On 31 May 1836 Smith was granted a patent for the propulsion of vessels by means of a screw.The idea of screw propulsion was not new, however, for it had been mooted as early as the seventeenth century and since then several proposals had been advanced, but without successful practical application. Indeed, simultaneously but quite independently of Smith, the Swedish engineer John Ericsson had invented the ship's propeller and obtained a patent on 13 July 1836, just weeks after Smith. But Smith was completely unaware of this and pursued his own device in the belief that he was the sole inventor.With some financial and technical backing, Smith was able to construct a 10 ton boat driven by a screw and powered by a steam engine of about 6 hp (4.5 kW). After showing it off to the public, Smith tried it out at sea, from Ramsgate round to Dover and Hythe, returning in stormy weather. The screw performed well in both calm and rough water. The engineering world seemed opposed to the new method of propulsion, but the Admiralty gave cautious encouragement in 1839 by ordering that the 237 ton Archimedes be equipped with a screw. It showed itself superior to the Vulcan, one of the fastest paddle-driven ships in the Navy. The ship was put through its paces in several ports, including Bristol, where Isambard Kingdom Brunel was constructing his Great Britain, the first large iron ocean-going vessel. Brunel was so impressed that he adapted his ship for screw propulsion.Meanwhile, in spite of favourable reports, the Admiralty were dragging their feet and ordered further trials, fitting Smith's four-bladed propeller to the Rattler, then under construction and completed in 1844. The trials were a complete success and propelled their lordships of the Admiralty to a decision to equip twenty ships with screw propulsion, under Smith's supervision.At last the superiority of screw propulsion was generally accepted and virtually universally adopted. Yet Smith gained little financial reward for his invention and in 1850 he retired to Guernsey to resume his farming life. In 1860 financial pressures compelled him to accept the position of Curator of Patent Models at the Patent Museum in South Kensington, London, a post he held until his death. Belated recognition by the Government, then headed by Lord Palmerston, came in 1855 with the grant of an annual pension of £200. Two years later Smith received unofficial recognition when he was presented with a national testimonial, consisting of a service of plate and nearly £3,000 in cash subscribed largely by the shipbuilding and engineering community. Finally, in 1871 Smith was honoured with a knighthood.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1871.Further ReadingObituary, 1874, Illustrated London News (7 February).1856, On the Invention and Progress of the Screw Propeller, London (provides biographical details).Smith and his invention are referred to in papers in Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 14 (1934): 9; 19 (1939): 145–8, 155–7, 161–4, 237–9.LRDBiographical history of technology > Smith, Sir Francis Pettit
-
19 интенсивное фермерское хозяйство
интенсивное фермерское хозяйство
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
intensive farming
Farming in which as much use is made of the land as possible by growing crops close together or by growing several crops in a year or by using large amounts of fertilizers. (Source: PHC)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Русско-немецкий словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > интенсивное фермерское хозяйство
-
20 agriculture intensive
интенсивное фермерское хозяйство
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
intensive farming
Farming in which as much use is made of the land as possible by growing crops close together or by growing several crops in a year or by using large amounts of fertilizers. (Source: PHC)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > agriculture intensive
См. также в других словарях:
farming — Farming was the mainstay of the economies of the societies of the ancient world, including those of Mesopotamia and the regions that adjoined it. In fact, most modern scholars think that agriculture originated around 9000 b.c. in the Near East … Ancient Mesopotamia dictioary
Farming Systems in India — File:Namgyal india 1.jpg Namgyal Monestary Institution India Shubham comprises various farming systems that are strategically utilized, according to the locations where they are most suitable. The farming systems that significantly contribute to… … Wikipedia
year — A determinate period, consisting for all practical purposes of 365 days, except as 366 days appear in a leap year. 52 Am J1st Time § 10. A calendar year in the absence of qualification. Dycema v Story & C. Piano Co. 220 Mich 600, 190 NW 638, 27… … Ballentine's law dictionary
Poultry farming — Agriculture General … Wikipedia
No-till farming — The article Conservation tillage redirects to this page. This article primarily discusses No till farming, which is one of several different conservation tillage techniques. Some others are Strip till and Minimum tillage … Wikipedia
Fish farming — Intensive koi aquaculture facility in Israel Fish farming is the principal form of aquaculture, while other methods may fall under mariculture. Fish farming involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food. A facility… … Wikipedia
Fur farming — Mink farm (after 1900) A mink farm in the United States … Wikipedia
Factory farming — A commercial chicken house raising broiler pullets for meat … Wikipedia
Organic farming and biodiversity — The effect of organic farming has been a subject of interest for researchers. Theory suggests that organic farming practices, which exclude the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, would be beneficial for biodiversity, and this has proven … Wikipedia
Organic farming — Agriculture General … Wikipedia
vegetable farming — Introduction growing of vegetable crops, primarily for use as human food. The term vegetable in its broadest sense refers to any kind of plant life or plant product; in the narrower sense, as used in this article, however, it refers… … Universalium
